I have trains that make mine runs, taking empty cars to the mine, bringing back loads. - an industrial turn, or specifically xyz mine turn
Mine runs come in a couple different flavors, much of it era dependent. If you are modeling car load, non unit train shipments then a "mine run" is appropriate. An empty coal train brings cars to a yard, they are switched into mine runs, the mine run takes cars to mine, brings back loads to the yard. The loads are switched into loaded coal trains and then run out of the yard. If you are modeling a modern era, with unit trains the concept of a "mine run" doesn't really apply. The empty coal train runs from the power plant straight through to the mine, the train is loaded and the loaded trains runs straight through to the power plant. A through freight crew is on the train the whole time. About the only switching is to set out bad order cars and refill the train to length with new empties. That's maybe a car or two every 3rd or 4th trip.
I have trains that go pick up and drop off cars at interchanges. - interchanges or transfers
Once again somewhat era and location dependent. The transfer type train only happens in a major terminal where there are significant numbers of interchange cars. After the 1950's the concept of a "run through" train gained popularity, where one railroad builds an entire train for another railroad and it "runs through" to the other railroad, that is an interchange train, skipping the yards in the terminal. Those type of trains probably peaked in the 1990's and are much less common now. One of the first thing that Harrison did when he implemented "Precision scheduling" was cancel all the run through agreements.
Outside of major terminals and excluding run through trains, transfers are pretty rare. Most interchanges outside major terminals are just a set out and pick up off a through freight or worked by a local. For example in most of the terminals I worked we didn't have a "transfer" train, we just had the switch engine deliver a cut.
Note : "Interchange" is a paperwork thing, its not a physical location thing. A railroad car is in the "account" of a railroad. That means the railroad is responsible for the car and shipment and is responsible for paying per diem/car hire and mileage. If railroad A gives a car to railroad B, its not interchanged until Railroad A sends the proper paperwork to railroad B. A car can be interchanged from Railroad A to Railroad B without even being on Railroad B.
I have pass through trains. - through or run through depending if it is your railroad's train or another's.
Remember that through freights can set out and pick up cars, just because its a "through freight" that doesn't mean it doesn't do any work. On most places I've worked, that's how yards outside of major terminals got their cars, setouts from through freights. Through freights would also do "block swaps" on line. For example. A railroad runs from Houston and Ft Worth to Texarkana and then has lines to St Louis and Memphis. The railroad wants to run trains about 100 cars, but it only generates 50 Memphis and 50 St Louis a day at both Houston and Ft Worth. So it puts all the Memphis cars together in a "block" and all the St Louis cars together as a block at both Houston and Ft Worth. Ft Worth runs a Through freight from Ft Worth to Memphis (FWME) and Houston runs a through freight from Houston to St Louis (HOSL). The FWME carries Memphis and St Louis cars (Cab-Memphis-St Louis-Eng) and the HOSL carries St Louis and Memphis cars (Cab-St Louis-Memphis-Eng). At Texarkana the FWME sets out St Louis and picks up Memphis cars and the HOSL sets out Memphis and picks up St louis. The railroad would probably schedule the trains 12 hours apart so both trains aren't trying to work at the same time.
As far as "other railroads" operating over your railroad, its also highly era dependent. If you are modeling a modern era, its more common. If you are modeling pre 1960's , probably not as common. The big swaths of trackage rights didn't happen until the mega mergers that started in the 1960's and 1970's. The biggest blocks of trackage rights happened with the UP-MP, BN-ATSF and UP-SP mergers. People also confuse the types of "other trains".
There are basically one of 5 things going on if you see a "foreign" engine on a railroad.
- Trackage rights - Railroad A has the rights to operate over a specific and limited portion of railroad B. Railroad A owns the trains, uses it's power and crews and the cars on the train are NOT interchanged. The move is covered by a contract and Railroad A may not have rights to serve an industries (most times not).
- Haulage rights - Railroad B operates a train for railroad A over its tracks on a specific and limited portion of railroad B. Railroad A owns the trains, uses it's power and Railroad B's crews and the cars on the train are NOT interchanged. The move is covered by a contract and Railroad A almost always does not have rights to serve an industries. Haulage rights are much less common than trackage rights.
- Run Through train - Railroads A and B have an agreement that they will run a train through an interchange as a solid train. The two have an agreement on who provides power. The train is interchanged and the crews change at the interchange. The power runs through.
- Horsepower hours power - Due to trackage rights or other situations, Railroad A has used more of Railroad B's engines than B has used A's engines. Therefore A owes B the use of engines. A provides its engines to B for them to use until the balance is achieved. The train that has Railroad A's engines on it is all Railroad B's, crew, cars, everything except the engines. Railroad A has virtually no input on where those engines are used.
- Detour train - Railroad A has some sort of problem or outage and asks Railroad B if it can operate over its railroad on an emergency basis. If its a short distance, it would be Railroad A's train, power, crew with a "pilot" from Railroad B. If its longer distances, then it might have a Railroad B crew. No interchange takes place. It is done on a very limited basis for a very few trains for a short period of time.